Cost of artificial turf

On average, the industry cost for artificial turf installation is approximately $12.00 per square foot. In Henderson, Nevada, and Clark County, the average cost for a typical 500-square-foot artificial turf installation ranges from $5,000 to $8,000. This estimate gives you an idea of the investment required to transform your outdoor space with ...Mar 5, 2024 · The installation costs of artificial grass typically involve expenses related to materials, labor, and preparation of the lawn area, ensuring a professional and efficient transformation of the outdoor space. When considering the material expenses for artificial turf, the primary cost is the turf itself, which can vary depending on quality and ... Solution Center. Landscaping Lawn Care. How Much Does Artificial Grass Cost? [2024 Data] Normal range: $3,040 - $7,982. The average person …SYNLawn artificial grass is the industry leader in synthetic turf. Made in USA. Lifetime Warranty. Lawns, putting greens, playgrounds, pets & commercial!Artificial grass or turf installation is a low-maintenance option for yards that costs most homeowners an average of $5,511. However, you might … Turfken Ltd is a premier supplier of quality artificial turf for Landscape and sports in Kenya. The average cost of artificial turf is $6.00 to $20.00 per square foot. Even if you install it yourself, there’s still a considerable upfront cost. However, after the initial expenses of artificial grass, you’ll save money year after year. Typically, the break-even point for installing artificial lawns is about five years. Online Only. $39.99. PreGra 48 oz Artificial Pet Turf. Sold by the Linear Foot. 48 oz. Face Weight. 15ft Wide by Any Length Needed, in One Foot Increments. To Receive a Free Sample, Please Email: [email protected]. (152) Compare Product. The buzz surrounding ChatGPT and the tremendous potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) keeps gaining traction. Bill Gates, a philanthropist ... The buzz surrounding ChatGPT and ...SJD Industries Private Limited. Contact Supplier. Polypropylene Artificial Cricket Pitch 9 mm Straight, Size: 2 Mtr X 20 Mtr,3 Mtr X 20 Mtr. ₹ 70 / Sq ft. Vishwakarma Sports. Contact Supplier. PP Artificial Turf ., 35 mm. ₹ 35 / sq ft. Shree Ganesh Textiles.It would cost £2,700 to have a lawn professionally installed in a garden measuring 40 square metres, which equates to £180 per year for its 15-year life expectancy. An …Also if the area has a lot of curves and myriad shapes, that can also increase the cost as a lot of the artificial turf will go to waste during installation. ... We are India’s largest artificial grass and synthetic turf provider for both residential and commercial landscaping be it B2C or B2B projects. We are committed to offering …Artificial vision systems implanted on the retina may restore sight for many blind people. Find out all about how artificial vision will work here. Advertisement Even if you wear e...Key Takeaways: Artificial grass is a low-maintenance, water-saving, and durable option for landscaping. The cost of artificial grass installation …Apr 26, 2021 · In general, artificial turf costs $5-$20 per square foot, while professionally laid natural grass sod costs less than $1 per square foot. For a 500-square-foot yard, assuming an average installation cost for turf of $12.50 per square foot, installing artificial grass would cost $6,250; grass would cost about $185. I’ve found that it’s the fastest way to get grass established in a garden, and in most cases, you can walk on it in as little as three weeks, which is much …Having a lush, green lawn is the envy of many homeowners. To achieve this, it’s important to use the right products at the right time. Scotts Turf Builder is a popular lawn fertili...A more complex base system will increase the cost of construction. 4. Labor Cost. The cost of labor is another factor that needs to be considered when budgeting for an artificial turf football field. The amount of labor required will depend on the size of the field, the complexity of the base system, and the number of …Robots and Artificial Intelligence - Robots and artificial intelligence are two of the most exciting scientific fields today. Learn about robots and artificial intelligence and AI ...The cost to replace a synthetic turf field ranges somewhere between $360,000 to $620,000. The exact price depends on various factors that we will break down in this article. We will also describe what the replacement process looks like and what important considerations there are for sports facility operators when undertaking such a project.Jun 29, 2023 · Learn how much artificial grass costs, from $2,961 to $7,792, depending on yard size, shape, material, brand, labor, and location. Find out the benefits of installing realistic-looking artificial turf, such as reduced water and maintenance costs, pest and disease resistance, and child friendliness. Compare different types of artificial grass and get free estimates from local pros. Mar 5, 2024 · The installation costs of artificial grass typically involve expenses related to materials, labor, and preparation of the lawn area, ensuring a professional and efficient transformation of the outdoor space. When considering the material expenses for artificial turf, the primary cost is the turf itself, which can vary depending on quality and ... Prices below exclude VAT. Therefore, you can expect to pay roughly the following prices depending on the m² of the area that artificial grass needs to …SYNLawn artificial grass is the industry leader in synthetic turf. Made in USA. Lifetime Warranty. Lawns, putting greens, playgrounds, pets & commercial!On average, a Purchase Green DIY artificial grass project will cost between $3 – $6 per square foot, inclusive of turf and all accessories necessary to complete ...Nov 22, 2018 ... First, the area needs to be measured and a design plan put in place. Next, the natural grass will need to be removed and fillers will go in to ... All Seasons Synthetic Turf is proudly 100% Australian made and only uses APT Yarn, Australia’s only Yarn manufacturer. We have our ever popular artificial grasses on special starting from $19.95 per metre square for a full roll which is 3.71m wide x 20m long, or $25.00 per metre square for part roll. Our COOLplus turfs start from $27.50 per m2. As well as the cost of the artificial grass itself, you should also factor in the cost of installation. The average artificial grass installation cost is between £300 – £600 per day. The fake grass price will depend on factors such as the quality of artificial grass you choose, the size of your lawn and where you … See moreWelcome to our online calculator for artificial grass installation! Please note that the prices provided are only a guide as every garden is unique and ...How does machine learning work? Learn more about how artificial intelligence makes its decisions in this HowStuffWorks Now article. Advertisement If you want to sort through vast n...Artificial Grass Maitland. Get ready to step onto a stunning, low-maintenance lawn in Maitland NSW with our top-quality artificial grass. Our astro-turf solutions are designed to give you the beauty and lushness of natural grass, without any of the upkeep. Say goodbye to mowing, watering, and fertilising, and say hello to a …Artificial turf can significantly reduce this water consumption, leading to substantial cost savings on water bills. On average, a 1,800-square-foot lawn can save up to 99,000 gallons of water annually when converted to artificial turf.Online Only. $39.99. PreGra 48 oz Artificial Pet Turf. Sold by the Linear Foot. 48 oz. Face Weight. 15ft Wide by Any Length Needed, in One Foot Increments. To Receive a Free Sample, Please Email: [email protected]. (152) Compare Product. Artificial Grass Installation Cost Calculators. The cost calculators linked to below are tailored to specific turf applications.Variations in the labor and material costs of different types of artificial grass installations make it difficult to create a cost calculator that accurately reflects a particular turf application’s costs. At the low end, infill costs around $8.50 for a 50-pound bag, but the most expensive is about $23 for the same amount. To put that into context, you’ll need around one or two pounds of infill per square foot of turf (the exact amount depends on the type of infill and expected foot traffic).The annual maintenance costs for artificial turf fields ranges from $23,250 to $127,000. This also depends on factors such as field size, usage intensity, and local conditions. These costs cover routine maintenance, cleaning, minor repairs, and infill replacement as needed.5 days ago · The cost of both artificial turf and natural grass varies depending on quality. Artificial Turf Supply is a wholesale supplier that provides the highest quality synthetic turf products at the lowest possible price for residential & commercial landscaping, pet turf areas, athletic fields, playground grass areas, stadiums, golf greens, and rooftops. All Seasons Synthetic Turf is proudly 100% Australian made and only uses APT Yarn, Australia’s only Yarn manufacturer. We have our ever popular artificial grasses on special starting from $19.95 per metre square for a full roll which is 3.71m wide x 20m long, or $25.00 per metre square for part roll. Our COOLplus turfs start from $27.50 per m2. On average, installing artificial turf for your dog costs about $14 per square foot. Depending on the quality of materials and labor costs, for a typical 500-square-foot lawn, you can expect a total cost ranging from $5,000 to $10,000 for the installation of pet-friendly artificial grass.A: The cost of artificial turf per square foot can range from $5 to $20 in Scottsdale, AZ, depending on the quality and type of turf chosen. Higher-end options with advanced features may cost even more. It's crucial to consider the long-term benefits and durability of the turf when comparing prices.The total cost to install artificial grass ranges from $400 to $6500 or more. Expect to pay: $25 - $40 per square meter for regular turf. $50 and $80 per square metre for low to mid-priced synthetic grass to be installed. $70 to $100 per square metre to supply and install more expensive grass, or for a more complex installation.Quick Estimate – Let’s take an example of someone living in London, let’s say they have a garden which is 20 square metres in size, the cost of having artificial …Artificial grass comes with a big upfront cost -- $5 to $20 per square foot, installed. Once it’s down, it’s free for the next 15 to 25 years. Professionally laid sod, on the other hand, costs only 14 to 60 cents per square foot. …On average, a Purchase Green DIY artificial grass project will cost between $3 – $6 per square foot, inclusive of turf and all accessories necessary to complete ...Artificial grass or turf installation is a low-maintenance option for yards that costs most homeowners an average of $5,511. However, you might …With prices starting from $2.99 per square foot, you can find the perfect grass for all your needs without breaking the bank. Different products serve different purposes, so if you’re looking for an attractive lawn for your garden, you might want something lush and soft, while for pets or kids a hard-wearing, durable …Sep 20, 2021 · An average 2,000 sq. ft. artificial turf project costs $19,200 or $9 per sq. ft. An average 2,500 sq. ft. artificial turf project costs $23,000 or $9.2 per sq. ft. For more than 2,500 sq.ft. of turf installation, we would advise to get a custom quote. This pricing represents the average cost of professionally installing synthetic grass that ... Turf, also known as artificial grass or synthetic turf, is a man-made surface that mimics the appearance and feel of natural grass. It is made from synthetic fibers, such as polyethylene or polypropylene, and is often used for residential lawns, commercial landscapes, and sports fields. ... Cost: While turf has a higher upfront cost than sod ...With prices starting from $2.99 per square foot, you can find the perfect grass for all your needs without breaking the bank. Different products serve different purposes, so if you’re looking for an attractive lawn for your garden, you might want something lush and soft, while for pets or kids a hard-wearing, durable …Jan 25, 2023 ... But Artificial Turf and Design also explains that in many cases they can install artificial turf for around $9.00 – $14.00, depending on the ...Artificial Grass Recyclers is America's trusted source for affordable used artificial turf for residential & commercial areas. Contact us today at 855-409-4247! ... We provide recycled artificial grass at 25-50% less than the cost of new artificial grass, with all the same benefits! Learn More. The possibilities for recycled turf are endless!Never lay artificial grass over existing grass. It could lead to drainage issues, weed growth and an uneven surface. It could also impact the longevity of your artificial grass. Step 2: Lay Down the Weed Barrier. Step 3: Add the Aggregate. Step 5: Tamp the Aggregate. Step 6: Trim the Grass. Step 7: Seam the Edges.HubSpot surveyed over 1,400 consumers about artificial intelligence and found that AI technologies are already widely used today - people just don’t realize it. Trusted by business...The cost of artificial turf is usually given per square foot. Even if you are purchasing a roll of artificial turf, you will get a price per square foot. You can expect to pay between $7 and $20 per square foot, depending on your needs.The annual maintenance costs for artificial turf fields ranges from $23,250 to $127,000. This also depends on factors such as field size, usage intensity, and local conditions. These costs cover routine maintenance, cleaning, minor repairs, and infill replacement as needed.Annual maintenance Costs: Water bill: $125 x 6 months = $750. Mowing: 23 times per season = $575. Fertilizing: four times per season = $200. Weed kill: four times per season = $200. Sprinkler system repairs: $150. Power rake: once per season = $125. Winterize sprinkler system: $125. Aeration: once per season = $100.When it comes to the cost of artificial grass, there are two main factors to consider: the cost of materials and the cost of installation. According to our research, the national average cost of installing artificial grass is between $8 and $14 per square foot. However, the cost can range from as low as $5 per square foot to as high as $20 or ...Artificial turf lawns cost any where between $8- $20/sqft. Many factors determine the overall cost of the installation. It is best to work with a few local synthetic turf installers to gather quotes and determine what is best for your lawn. Read this blog for more information regarding what goes into the cost of an artificial turf lawn.The cost of artificial turfing depends on the grades of the artificial turf (i.e. UV protection/ Fire-proof Certified, etc.) and installation methods used (i.e. layover/ with structure, etc.). In general, laying artificial turf can range from as low as …As a general rule of thumb, though, you can expect to pay about $18-$25 per square foot. But a putting green isn’t a toy, it is an investment in your home’s aesthetic appeal and future resale value as well as your personal pleasure. To learn more about that, we invite you to check out our Homeowner's Guide to Artificial Grass . Golf ...The cost of artificial turf is usually given per square foot. Even if you are purchasing a roll of artificial turf, you will get a price per square foot. You can expect to pay between $7 and $20 per square foot, depending on your needs.The Best Artificial Grass for Putting Greens. For an at-home putting green, choose a short pile height, around ½ to ¾ of an inch. The best putting green turf products will have nylon fibers. If you want to get fancy, you can choose two different pile heights to differentiate between the putting green and the fairway.Installing an artificial turf putting green in your backyard will typically cost between $11-$35 per square foot. Most contractors are willing to lessen the price per square foot for larger projects. For an area of 2,000 feet, for example, you can expect to spend about $11-15 per square foot, depending on the type of …The average cost to lay turf will be between £145 – £900, with the overall cost being affected mainly by the quality of turf supplied and the size of your garden in square metres, additional cost factors are discussed below. For a small garden (10-25 square metres) it will cost between £375 – £400. For a medium garden (25-75 …Artificial grass or turf installation is a low-maintenance option for yards that costs most homeowners an average of $5,511. However, you might …Artificial grass or turf installation is a low-maintenance option for yards that costs most homeowners an average of $5,511. However, you might …Artificial turf installation typically costs $5.50–18.75 per square foot (sq. ft.), including materials and labor. For a 500-square-foot yard section, the ...The Sports Turf Managers Association suggests including the cost of replacement in your budget. "Plan on an approximate range of $6.50 to $7.80 per sq. ft. for the disposal and resurfacing of a synthetic field." …Turf Green Supplies & Installs top quality Artificial turf (grass, lawn) across Brisbane & SE QLD. DIY Option. Realistic prices. FREE quotes. [email protected] 07 3823 2003 ... It’s been shown to be very cost effective vs natural lawn. Residential Turf Installation.You can play on synthetic turf 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Many factors impact the capacity of a sports field to handle high usage including: the soil type, grass species, weather conditions, kind of sport, amount of usage, management program, etc. ... Estimates are derived from 2008 average costs cited: A Guide to Synthetic and Natural ... K9Grass ® by ForeverLawn® is the originator of premium synthetic grass designed specifically for dogs and the people who care for them. We were the first to bring a revolutionizing solution to market in 2005, setting the gold standard in surfacing for dogs. Since then, we have sold and installed over 15 million square feet of synthetic grass. Square Feet, 1,200, 1,200 ; Initial Installation Cost, $12.00 sq ft, $6.25 sq ft ; Initial Investment, $14,400, $7,500* ...BEST OVERALL: Petgrow PG1-4 Artificial Grass Rug. BEST BANG FOR THE BUCK: Petgrow Deluxe Realistic Artificial Grass Turf. MOST REALISTIC: Goasis Lawn Realistic Thick Artificial Grass Turf. BEST ...Key Takeaways: Artificial grass is a low-maintenance, water-saving, and durable option for landscaping. The cost of artificial grass installation …If you’re considering enhancing your outdoor space with artificial turf, you may want to explore the option of used artificial turf. While many people opt for brand new turf, there...Jan 25, 2023 ... But Artificial Turf and Design also explains that in many cases they can install artificial turf for around $9.00 – $14.00, depending on the ...averages between £300 and £600. Pricing guides. How much does artificial grass cost? Needing little maintenance and with a long life, artificial grass has become increasingly popular in recent years …Football Turf cost calculator Football Turf cost calculator Estimation Calculator Football Tennis Basketball Hockey Badminton Volleyball Choose Turfs: Installation Options: Field Area Selection: Field Base Options: Fencing/Chain Link Options: Lighting Options: 6200W / ₹9000 per unitNet Size: 5000₹14 per Sq. ... Artificial turf quality: The ...SYNLawn artificial grass is the industry leader in synthetic turf. Made in USA. Lifetime Warranty. Lawns, putting greens, playgrounds, pets & commercial!On average though, you could expect installation costs for artificial turf ranges from $3-$9 per square foot for typical sports application like soccer or football. Baseball Field will go upwards avg 15-20% than what mentioned above. 2) What is involved in maintaining a synthetic baseball field?Nov 22, 2018 ... First, the area needs to be measured and a design plan put in place. Next, the natural grass will need to be removed and fillers will go in to ...Learn how much artificial grass costs to install in 2024, including materials, labor and company fees. Compare different types of turf, infill, road base and weed …Our FieldTurf Cost Calculator will be able to provide you with a more accurate price for your field while comparing it to the cost of a natural grass field. Try it here. Find Your FieldTurf Expert. Get Started. The financial benefit to a FieldTurf field over natural grass is quite simple: The upfront cost is higher, but the cost savings over ...The cost of artificial turf depends on the type of product used in addition to the nature of the installation. This usually ranges between $18-25 per square foot. Therefore, getting a custom quote is recommended. The average cost of a sprinkler system installation is $2 per square foot, which will be $2,000 for 1,000 square feet of grass. Pricing by square foot for installing sod starts at $3.50 with a professional installer, which includes everything from removal of the current lawn to the disposal of debris. General Cost of fake grass . Artificial grass may range anywhere from $4 to $6 per square foot. This price will exponentially rise if installation is included in the overall cost. ... This allows our clients the opportunity to install the artificial turf themselves. Our clients can treat it as a DIY project. For example: If you choose a $1.99 ...The average cost of grass turf is £10 to £30 per m². The average cost to install artificial grass is £50 to £65 per m². If you’re choosing to lay turf or …Artificial Grass Installers. We are providing the best solution for grass and all landscaping needs. Our high-quality synthetic turf, or artificial grass, provides beauty and stability to any type of outdoor space. Give that neglected yard the makeover that it deserves and enjoy the charm of an artificial grass area.Type and Quality of Artificial Turf. The type and quality of artificial turf play a significant role in determining costs. High-quality turf often comes at a higher price but offers superior durability and a more natural appearance. Size of the Area. The size of the area to be covered with artificial turf is a fundamental cost factor.A typical artificial turf project will cost between $8 and $15 per square foot, depending on the type of turf you choose and the amount of preparation that goes into your property before installation can begin. The cost of artificial grass installation will vary based on the size of your lawn and how much work needs to be done by professionals ...A more complex base system will increase the cost of construction. 4. Labor Cost. The cost of labor is another factor that needs to be considered when budgeting for an artificial turf football field. The amount of labor required will depend on the size of the field, the complexity of the base system, and the number of …BEST OVERALL: Petgrow PG1-4 Artificial Grass Rug. BEST BANG FOR THE BUCK: Petgrow Deluxe Realistic Artificial Grass Turf. MOST REALISTIC: Goasis Lawn Realistic Thick Artificial Grass Turf. BEST ...Growing houseplants indoors with little natural light? Here's what you need to know to grow your houseplants with artificial light. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Late...The biggest factors that will effect artificial turf installation cost are materials, labor and any equipment rental. But the average cost is about 6-20 ...When it comes to maintaining a golf course, having reliable and efficient equipment is key. One such piece of equipment that is gaining popularity among golf course managers is the...Ideal Turf's the leading artificial turf company in Oklahoma City, OK. Our hand-picked turf products are durable, reliable, and affordable. Click to CALL NOW! ... – Synthetic lawns add aesthetic beauty to any OKC property and allow you to avoid watering and maintenance costs. Switching to artificial turf in your yard can save up to 56,000 ...Apr 18, 2023 · Artificial turf costs between $5 and $20 per square foot, on average around $13.5 per square foot, according to statistics from Google. This price covers the cost of the finished goods as well as the price of installation. Square Feet, 1,200, 1,200 ; Initial Installation Cost, $12.00 sq ft, $6.25 sq ft ; Initial Investment, $14,400, $7,500* ...An artificial turf baseball field typically has a base cost of between $400,000-700,000. Artificial turf baseball fields maintenance costs around $5,000 a year. That cost is much lower compared to the $20,000 a …Cost of Artificial Turf. By Sam. Last updated 16th February 2024 - Reading time: 29 mins. At a glance. The average cost of laying garden turf (per …This Artificial Turf Tampa Quote Includes: $17.00 to $21.00 per square foot material costs. Average labor costs to install artificial lawn in Tampa, Florida. Average costs for materials and equipment for artificial turf in Tampa. All project costs (surface preparation, components and machinery), and cleanup fees.Aug 31, 2021 · Of course, before investing in synthetic turf, buyers would first look at the costs of artificial grass in their states. Generally, prices range from $12 to $45 per m2 for artificial grass supply. Meanwhile, the costs for both synthetic grass supply and installation typically range from $60 to $100 per m2. An artificial turf baseball field typically has a base cost of between $400,000-700,000. Artificial turf baseball fields maintenance costs around $5,000 a year. That cost is much lower compared to the $20,000 a …Initial Installation Cost. $9.00 sq ft. $6.25 sq ft. Initial Investment. $10,800. $7,500*. *Includes the initial cost of irrigation system and installation: $4,500.Artificial grass is a great alternative to natural lawn, especially for areas with low water availability or high maintenance costs. At Lowes.com, you can find a wide range of artificial grass products, from realistic turf to …The annual maintenance costs for artificial turf fields ranges from $23,250 to $127,000. This also depends on factors such as field size, usage intensity, and local conditions. These costs cover routine maintenance, cleaning, minor repairs, and infill replacement as needed.Type and Quality of Artificial Turf. The type and quality of artificial turf play a significant role in determining costs. High-quality turf often comes at a higher price but offers superior durability and a more natural appearance. Size of the Area. The size of the area to be covered with artificial turf is a fundamental cost factor.When it comes to the cost of artificial grass, there are two main factors to consider: the cost of materials and the cost of installation. According to our research, the national average cost of installing artificial grass is between $8 and $14 per square foot. However, the cost can range from as low as $5 per square foot to as high as $20 or ...How Much Does Artificial Turf Cost? Artificial turf is expensive, even as a do-it-yourself project. Budget about $4 to $10 per square foot for materials. Even if your lawn is a very-small 5,000 square feet, that works out to $20,000 to $50,000. Professional installation usually adds another $3 to $5 per square foot.Aug 16, 2023 · Polypropylene can cost $2 to $6 per square foot. Polyethylene can run from $2.50 to $4 per square foot. Nylon turf ranges from $5 to $6. We’ve written an entire separate post detailing the ins and outs of artificial turf sub-base options. Class II road base is the most popular base used in artificial turf installation. Type and Quality of Artificial Turf. The type and quality of artificial turf play a significant role in determining costs. High-quality turf often comes at a higher price but offers superior durability and a more natural appearance. Size of the Area. The size of the area to be covered with artificial turf is a fundamental cost factor.Generally, for a residential installation, the cost of artificial grass can range from R 25,000 to R 75,000. With the rising costs of water and lawn maintenance, installing artificial grass can quickly pay for itself, with estimated payback periods ranging from 3 to 10 years.On average, for a 500-1,000 sq. ft. installation plan on about $6.16 – $8.98 per square foot, depending on the quality of the product. If you’d like to learn more about the cost of artificial grass or find out how much your installation will cost you can use our artificial grass cost calculator.Apr 18, 2023 · Artificial turf costs between $5 and $20 per square foot, on average around $13.5 per square foot, according to statistics from Google. This price covers the cost of the finished goods as well as the price of installation. Sod (Natural Grass) All numbers are based on the installation of a 1000 sq. ft yard. $ 26,490 Total Spent Over 7 Years. Total Cost of Installation $6750. Installation (including labor) $6.75/sqft.Artificial turf infills can cost anywhere from 35-90 cents per square foot depending on the type of infill you use. Here is a general breakdown to show how we currently have them priced as of 2/25/20: Infill Cost Per Square Foot; Black Crumb Rubber $0.83 Silica Sand ...The Sports Turf Managers Association suggests including the cost of replacement in your budget. "Plan on an approximate range of $6.50 to $7.80 per sq. ft. for the disposal and resurfacing of a synthetic field." … Whether your city offers any tax credits and/or rebates for installing artificial grass. That said, just to give a specific pricing example, Purchase Green offers a wide variety of premium, high-quality synthetic grasses that range from $1.61 to $3.49 per square foot. Moreover, professional, experienced installers in the industry typically ... | Cqejusyjnp (article) | Mcomjkzf.