How to polish concrete floors

Polish the floor with an electric buffer or sander to make sure it’s level. Switch on your polisher and guide it over the surface of the concrete in tight, overlapping circles. Work your way gradually from one end of the room to the other, focusing on areas that are marred by obvious imperfections, such as divots and uneven textures, as well as …Due to a lot of requests, we've made this tutorial video for those who like to learn and how to start with mechanical diamond polished concrete (the pinnacle...Watch the Step by Step process for polishing old concrete floors with a WerkMaster TITAN XT Propane Concrete Floor Grinder to a 1500 Grit High Gloss Shine. S...777. Share. 257K views 6 years ago. https://cretoseal.com/ How to polish a concrete floor using Creto DPS (Deep Penetrating Sealer) as a densifier. The lighting and film …Alloy car and truck wheels come in a variety of finishes, including chromed, polished, painted and powdercoated to name a few of the alternatives. Chrome and polished aluminum fini...The three phase polished concrete floor maintenance process involves: Restoration to address any stains or spills. Protection to prevent future stains and additional wear and tear. Maintenance to restore the floor’s original shiny finish. As a polished concrete floor owner, the amount of time between … Adding Color To Polished Concrete. A 10% fly ash, cream polished Craftsman Concrete floor. The high fly ash content increases the depth of the natural design on the floor’s surface and allows for a highly reflective finish. Color can be added to concrete floors in the form of stains, dyes, or pigments. Watch National Concrete Polsihing Polish the Toughest Concrete. This YouTube video with show the step by step process to polish even the toughest concrete. B...It is a thick, heavy floor needing generally 75mm-100mm depth as a minimum and you will have to cut joints into the surface to allow the concrete to shrink in a ...So one excellent option to mute the floor a bit is to add a neutral area rug. This helps to create contrast and add a softer texture to the space. Plus, adding a rug to your concrete flooring is a good idea regardless of the finish you choose, as concrete tends to be rather hard and cold. Continue to 5 of 5 below. 05 of 05.Polishing Concrete is the next "big thing" and Architectural Concrete is on the cutting edge of that trend. We take pride in our work and give every customer... Adding Color To Polished Concrete. A 10% fly ash, cream polished Craftsman Concrete floor. The high fly ash content increases the depth of the natural design on the floor’s surface and allows for a highly reflective finish. Color can be added to concrete floors in the form of stains, dyes, or pigments. After which we use 80 resin pads to make the slab even smoother. Afterward, we apply yet another coat of concrete hardener and wait for that to dry. Then we use 120 grit resin pads to smoothen the slab further. Apply another layer of concrete hardener. Later, we use 240 resin pad shoes and give them another pass.Mar 5, 2021 · Turn on your water feed. Raise your polisher over the surface and turn it on. Lower your polisher to the concrete. Let the tool’s weight work, and keep the pad as flat as possible. Move across the entire surface evenly, in circular motions, and never start or stop the same area’s polishing process. Utilize an 80-grit metal bonded diamond when grinding the concrete. Use a 150-grit metal-bonded diamond for grinding (or finer if desired). Densify the concrete by applying a chemical hardener. Using a resin-bonded diamond of 100 or 200 grit, or a combination of the two, polish the surface.Here’s a step-by-step guide to achieving a DIY polished concrete floor: 1. Surface preparation. Thoroughly clean the concrete floor, removing any dirt, dust, or debris. If there are existing coatings or sealants, use appropriate methods (grinding, chemical stripping, etc.) to remove them and expose the raw concrete surface. 2.A simple 200-square-foot polished concrete floor can be as affordable as $600, but as designs get more complex, adding a polished concrete floor to the same space could cost …Machine shop floor is getting poured in. Pouring and concrete leveling is done by a professional construction contractor. Surface hardener was added before c...The answer to “can I polish concrete floors myself” is yes, but only in a limited set of circumstances. DIY projects should only be attempted on newly poured slabs that are clean and in good condition. A matte finish is also preferable, as fewer sets of diamond polishing tools will be required. Finally, DIY polishing …Polished concrete is a low-maintenance, durable, and cost-effective flooring option for homes, garages, warehouses, commercial showrooms, and other industry settings. If you’re interested in installing a polished concrete floor, though, it’s important to understand exactly what the process is like and what maintenance should be.Polished concrete floors are extremely durable and non-toxic; silicate-based densifiers keep them that way and make it a great start to safe indoor-air quality in a home.This is an excellent flooring option for anyone with chemical sensitivities who wants a beautiful and durable eco-friendly floor in their passive …Learn how to polish concrete floors yourself with specialized tools, equipment, and chemicals. Follow the steps to grind, clean, seal, and polish the concrete to achieve a glossy, modern look.Digging into polished concrete flooring, you encounter two primary techniques: wet and dry. The wet method douses the diamonds with water for cooling, but also generates a …Polished concrete is the ultimate no-wax flooring material. With the proper floor grinding equipment and experience, concrete polishing contractors can grind concrete surfaces, whether new or old, to a high-gloss finish. Factor in the superior durability and performance of concrete, and it's no wonder why retail, commercial warehouse and …The staining process takes about 2 days and should only be done on fully cured concrete (at least 3 to 4 weeks old). Staining is done in 4 basic steps: Clean and prepare the concrete. Apply the stain. Clean and neutralize the stain. Seal the surface to protect it long term. Consider these basic steps of how to clean concrete floors: Regularly clean the floor by dry brushing any debris. This daily or weekly step keeps dust and dirt from building up and staining the surface. If the floor is outside, pressure wash it every season. Pressure washing can remove stains that sit on or just below the surface, giving it a ... When properly maintained, polished concrete floors are a work of art. Taking a proactive approach to sweeping, mopping, and rinsing concrete floors on a regular basis will help to maintain the distinctness of image (DOI)—the expected mirror-like finish of the floor. Polished concrete is relatively low maintenance.Machine shop floor is getting poured in. Pouring and concrete leveling is done by a professional construction contractor. Surface hardener was added before c...The easiest way to get stains out of polished concrete is to prevent them from happening in the first place. If you see a spill on the concrete flooring, mop it up with a damp rag or paper towel. Once the stain is dry, use warm, soapy water to thoroughly clean the area. This extra step ensures all traces of the stain are gone.How to Clean Concrete With TSP. For high-traffic areas and heavy scuff marks, you'll need to put down the mop and put in a little elbow grease. Sprinkle about a quarter cup of baking soda on a damp cloth and scrub the scuff marks from the outside toward the middle. To maintain the shine on indoor polished …Dust mop the floor daily with a microfiber pad to keep dirt particles off the floor. Soils act as an abrasive and can ruin the clarity and shine of polished concrete. If wet mopping the floor, always use clean water and clean mops. Use an automatic floor scrubber equipped with a nonabrasive pad to clean large square footage areas.Learn how to effectively polish your concrete floor with different grits of disks and a floor grinder. Follow these steps to sweep, mop, apply and apply the floor polish …Polished concrete floors are similar to a basic concrete slab that you might find in a basement or garage, but they have a different finish. According to the Portland Cement Association, regular concrete is made up of a mixture of cement, water and aggregates. It is a basic, sturdy material that has many different …The process behind Diamond-polished concrete floors can involve between six and twelve steps, however, but can be considerably more expensive. Square Footage. Regardless of whether you want a retrofit concrete floor polished or you’re dealing with new construction, the price of polished concrete flooring all comes down to square …Here, the central panel is poured and curing, the next day I will finish either side. If you try to do it all in one day you'll damage the surface with the screed batten. Don't try to polish concrete until it's at least 4 days old, the surface will come away too readily and it will be harder to achieve a great finish.The three phase polished concrete floor maintenance process involves: Restoration to address any stains or spills. Protection to prevent future stains and additional wear and tear. Maintenance to restore the floor’s original shiny finish. As a polished concrete floor owner, the amount of time between …Aug 9, 2017 ... Almost any structurally sound concrete floor, whether new or old, can be polished. However there are some exceptions, for example with new ...Jun 13, 2023 · Use Vinegar or Baking Soda. You can also break up grease and food stains with the trusty white vinegar and baking soda trick. The combination is also an option when trying to figure out how to get rust out of concrete. Dilute white vinegar with equal parts water and spray or pour the mixture directly on the stain. Step 2: Clean the Concrete Surface. Sweep and/or vacuum the concrete garage floor thoroughly to remove all dirt, dust, debris and oil. If oil spots remain after sweeping and vacuuming, use a degreaser to remove them. Use a concrete grinder with an attached vacuum or wet/dry vacuum to roughen up the surface of the concrete garage …May 18, 2017 · https://cretoseal.com/ How to polish a concrete floor using Creto DPS (Deep Penetrating Sealer) as a densifier. The lighting and film quality wasn't great bu... So one excellent option to mute the floor a bit is to add a neutral area rug. This helps to create contrast and add a softer texture to the space. Plus, adding a rug to your concrete flooring is a good idea regardless of the finish you choose, as concrete tends to be rather hard and cold. Continue to 5 of 5 below. 05 of 05.Maintaining polished concrete surfaces is easy. We recommend cleaning accidental spills immediately and doing regular sweeping with a microfibre cloth or dry mop and mopping with a mild soapy ...Polished concrete floors also have excellent thermal properties, helping to reduce energy consumption by keeping the space cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. Thus, polished concrete floors offer numerous benefits that make them an attractive flooring option for both residential and commercial spaces.Nov 24, 2023 · Highly trafficked concrete floors should be swept, dry mopped, or vacuumed with a soft brush attachment every day or every other day and mopped at least every other week. Concrete floors that are less highly used can be swept, dry mopped, or vacuumed once a week and mopped once a month. Spot clean spills and treat stains as they happen to ... A power-floated concrete floor is one that is finished using a power trowel to level and harden the floor’s surface. Power floating is generally done on large concrete surfaces tha...There are many finishes, polishes, seals, and coatings that can be applied to a concrete floor to achieve a specific finish. The more specialized your choice, the higher the cost. The broad quote given by most concrete flooring companies is upwards of $125/square meter (£100), with the average cost being …Step 2: Grinding – Grind the floor 2 – 6 times to remove any coating and repair and fill any holes or cracks. Step 3: Densifier & Stains – Apply densifier to the floor for added protection and stains for the coloured concrete look. Step 4: Polishing – Polish the floor with up to 3,000 resin grits.You got nail polish on your carpet. Does that mean it's ruined? Not necessarily. We'll tell you how you can salvage it. Advertisement Every girl loves painting her fingernails with... For existing floors, polishing enhances their appearance by grinding the concrete down to a smooth, high-gloss finish. Minor cracking and imperfections add to the character of the finished floor. Typically some surface preparation is required prior to polishing to remove dirt, grease, coatings, or blemishes. However, floors that are wavy, need ... The final step in the concrete floor polishing process is applying a stain guard. This protective sealer acts as a shield, safeguarding the polished surface from spills, stains, and other potential damages. The sealant prolongs the lifespan of the polished floor and adds an extra layer of shine. Maintaining Polished Concrete FloorsOne of the main reasons older concrete floors are difficult to polish is the techniques used to pour the concrete. Modern concrete is leveled using large ride-on concrete leveling machines called power trowels. These machines can be eight feet or more in width and can quickly flatten large areas of concrete. Older concrete pours are more likely ...Concrete that is intended to be polished must be placed, finished, and protected differently than concrete that is to receive vinyl tile, carpet, or other types of floor coverings. The following guidelines are intended to help the concrete installation contractor, the concrete finisher, and the General Contractor provide the best concrete slab ...The easiest way to get stains out of polished concrete is to prevent them from happening in the first place. If you see a spill on the concrete flooring, mop it up with a damp rag or paper towel. Once the stain is dry, use warm, soapy water to thoroughly clean the area. This extra step ensures all traces of the stain are gone.Concrete floors are known for their durability and longevity, making them a popular choice for commercial and industrial spaces. However, over time, concrete floors can become worn...Nov 30, 2022 · Polished concrete floors depend on penetrating liquids to increase durability and stain resistance, while stained concrete floors use a film-forming plastic coating over the surface of the concrete. In use, this means that the wear surface of a polished concrete floor is the concrete itself–a very durable material. Are you looking to create professional and polished Visio diagrams online? In today’s digital age, there are numerous tools available that allow you to create visually appealing di...Step 2: Grinding – Grind the floor 2 – 6 times to remove any coating and repair and fill any holes or cracks. Step 3: Densifier & Stains – Apply densifier to the floor for added protection and stains for the coloured concrete look. Step 4: Polishing – Polish the floor with up to 3,000 resin grits.Concrete floor polished with 1800 grit. Polished concrete is a multi-step process where a concrete floor is mechanically ground, honed and polished with bonded abrasives in order to cut a concrete floor's surface. It is then refined with each cut in order to achieve a specified level of appearance. This process also includes the use of a penetrant chemical …Mechanical Polish Process. The mechanical process for polishing or abrading a concrete surface involves the use of a concrete floor grinder combined with various grits of diamond abrasive tooling. Similar to sanding hardwood or polishing marble, the process involves using progressive grits of metal bond abrasives followed with resin bond ...May 4, 2017 · A polished concrete floor is an attractive option for many reasons, including the price. The average cost is $4 to $5 a square foot. Above: Amanda Pays and Corbin Bernsen opted for a polished concrete floor when they transformed a workshop/shed into a bunkhouse for visiting children and guests. For the full tour, see Backyard Bunkhouse ... Sep 26, 2021 · The method used for retrofitting a polished concrete floor is either to (a) cut or sand the existing floor slab to be hardened and polished, or (b) apply a topping slab of polished concrete flooring, at least 50 mm thick, over the existing slab. New polished concrete flooring provides some options, including the inclusion of decorative ... Details of concrete polishing. The RACATAC is now available in our online store:https://concretefloorsolutions.com/store/accessories/racatac/If you are inte...Photo: Jodie Johnson / Stocksy / Adobe Stock. Most polished concrete floor jobs cost $2 to $16 per square foot, depending on the intricacy of the stain and polishing technique. However, if your existing concrete needs repairs, if you need to pour a completely new concrete slab, your costs will increase and can run as high as $30 per …Dye Application. Before applying the color, the first step is densifying the floor. The first cuts made when polishing open up the pores of the slabs, Balch explains. The densifier is used to fill ...How to Clean Polished Concrete Floors . If your concrete floors are polished, follow the same steps outlined above, but skip the sealer and buff instead. "If …Oct 26, 2017 ... Mop regularly. Dust mop your polished concrete floor daily (maybe more often in a heavy traffic commercial setting). This will remove any dust ...Photo: Jodie Johnson / Stocksy / Adobe Stock. Most polished concrete floor jobs cost $2 to $16 per square foot, depending on the intricacy of the stain and polishing technique. However, if your existing concrete needs repairs, if you need to pour a completely new concrete slab, your costs will increase and can run as high as $30 per …Concrete floors are a popular choice for industrial spaces due to their durability and strength. However, over time, these floors can become worn out and susceptible to damage from...About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ...Oct 26, 2017 ... Mop regularly. Dust mop your polished concrete floor daily (maybe more often in a heavy traffic commercial setting). This will remove any dust ...Jan 19, 2024 · There are many finishes, polishes, seals, and coatings that can be applied to a concrete floor to achieve a specific finish. The more specialized your choice, the higher the cost. The broad quote given by most concrete flooring companies is upwards of $125/square meter (£100), with the average cost being $165/square meter (£130). Polished concrete flooring is created by a process of grinding concrete flooring down to a smooth finish. This is done with progressively finer abrasives, starting with a coarse, before getting the final smooth finish with an extra fine diamond. The name might lead you to believe that a polished concrete floor is defined by its sheen and ...Polish the floor with an electric buffer or sander to make sure it’s level. Switch on your polisher and guide it over the surface of the concrete in tight, overlapping circles. Work your way gradually from one end of the room to the other, focusing on areas that are marred by obvious imperfections, such as divots and uneven textures, as well as …Use gentle, non-acidic, pH-neutral soaps because anything harsh can affect the shine of the polish. Use this in conjunction with warm water and a microfiber- ...Health Information in Polish (polski): MedlinePlus Multiple Languages Collection Characters not displaying correctly on this page? See language display issues. Return to the Medlin...Step 1 - Use The Right Materials. Ensure you have an industrial grinder and enough diamond blades with the right grit levels to sand and hone the concrete surface. Tools …Polish The Concrete Floors ... Polishing is done using the same concrete grinder, but with a higher-grit diamond bit attached. Polishing concrete floors typically ...When laying new concrete over an existing slab, it’s important to separate the two layers. This is because if the new layer is poured directly onto the existing slab, the two slabs will bond together. If the slabs bond together, any cracks or damage in the old surface will spread to the new surface. Concrete slabs will also shrink and …Jul 17, 2023 · Mix 1 tablespoon of detergent with 1 tablespoon of white vinegar and 2 cups of water. Soak the area with the solution, let it sit for 15 minutes, and scrub it clean with a brush. Rinse the area ... Daily cleaning of mats is critical to maintain concrete flooring. Regular cleaning minimizes debris on the floor, and it helps preserve the integrity of the mats—once saturated with salt and other debris, they won't function efficiently. 3. Address Stains Immediately. Clean liquid spills on polished concrete as soon as possible.Polishing concrete is a multi-step process that creates a strong, glass-like surface that requires minimal maintenance service. Old floor coatings, if present, ...May 11, 2022 · The concrete polishing process begins with the application of a sealant to the concrete. This helps to protect the concrete from wear and tear. Once the sealant has been applied, a grinding compound is used to smooth out the surface of the concrete. Lastly, a final polish is applied to the concrete to give it a high-gloss finish. Jun 25, 2021 · Step 1: Clean area and fill cracks. Step 2: Polish with coarse-grit disc. Step 3: Polish with progressively finer discs. Step 4: Apply concrete sealer. While most commonly seen in commercial settings like hospitals and restaurants, polished concrete offers several advantages for the modern home. For starters, polished concrete adds a unique ... Exposed Aggregate Polished Concrete. Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, and rocks of various sizes. These ingredients tend to separate by size, so the surface of the slab is mainly cement, with the rock packed a significant distance below. In an exposed aggregate floor the surface of the concrete is heavily ground, removing enough …Health Information in Polish (polski): MedlinePlus Multiple Languages Collection Characters not displaying correctly on this page? See language display issues. Return to the Medlin...Polished Concrete Floors Cost. Polished concrete floors cost $3 to $5 per square foot for a basic design or $5 to $15 per square foot for multiple colors, patterns, scoring, and sealing. Residential polished concrete flooring costs $600 to $3,200 for a patio, $1,000 to $4,500 for a driveway or garage, and $2,000 to $8,000 for a basement.Concrete floors are a popular choice for industrial spaces due to their durability and strength. However, over time, these floors can become worn out and susceptible to damage from... The dry polish method. Dry polishing is ideal for getting a high-gloss shine for your concrete floor. It generally uses large, corded electrical machines to polish the floor, but smaller hand machines can be used for harder-to-reach areas. Despite its name, some water is put down between stages to keep the dust down. Concrete floors are a popular choice for industrial spaces due to their durability and strength. However, over time, these floors can become worn out and susceptible to damage from...In general, here is what you can expect for pricing your polished concrete floor: Matte Polish – $2.00 to $6.00 per square foot. High-Gloss Polish – $3.00 to $8.00 per square foot. Concrete Stain Inclusion – $0.50 to $2.00 per square foot. Concrete Overlayment Inclusion – $4.00 to $10.00 per square foot, depending on elevation and ...When laying new concrete over an existing slab, it’s important to separate the two layers. This is because if the new layer is poured directly onto the existing slab, the two slabs will bond together. If the slabs bond together, any cracks or damage in the old surface will spread to the new surface. Concrete slabs will also shrink and …Time: 03:31. From surface preparation through grinding, honing and polishing, this video provides an overview of the process of polishing overlays. Learn about concrete surface profiles, crack repair, priming, overlay application and thickness, tools that are commonly used, decorative embeds, and what grit sequences to use to achieve the final ...How much does a polished concrete floor cost? The cost of a polished concrete floor can vary quite a lot. ... A low end light grind and seal can start around $50/ ...2 .There Are Foundation Issues. Sometimes the foundation might be the main reason why your polished concrete floors crack. Although a floor made of concrete might seem hard and immovable, the soil beneath can shift for different reasons. The polished concrete floor on top can get cracked as the soil shifts. There’s a wide range of reasons why ...Dec 7, 2023 · Polished Concrete Floors Cost. Polished concrete floors cost $3 to $5 per square foot for a basic design or $5 to $15 per square foot for multiple colors, patterns, scoring, and sealing. Residential polished concrete flooring costs $600 to $3,200 for a patio, $1,000 to $4,500 for a driveway or garage, and $2,000 to $8,000 for a basement. Oct 26, 2017 ... Mop regularly. Dust mop your polished concrete floor daily (maybe more often in a heavy traffic commercial setting). This will remove any dust ...Nov 24, 2023 · Highly trafficked concrete floors should be swept, dry mopped, or vacuumed with a soft brush attachment every day or every other day and mopped at least every other week. Concrete floors that are less highly used can be swept, dry mopped, or vacuumed once a week and mopped once a month. Spot clean spills and treat stains as they happen to ... Learn how to effectively polish your concrete floor with different grits of disks and a floor grinder. Follow these steps to sweep, mop, apply and apply the floor polish …Dust mop the floor daily with a microfiber pad to keep dirt particles off the floor. Soils act as an abrasive and can ruin the clarity and shine of polished concrete. If wet mopping the floor, always use clean water and clean mops. Use an automatic floor scrubber equipped with a nonabrasive pad to clean large square footage areas. Consider these basic steps of how to clean concrete floors: Regularly clean the floor by dry brushing any debris. This daily or weekly step keeps dust and dirt from building up and staining the surface. If the floor is outside, pressure wash it every season. Pressure washing can remove stains that sit on or just below the surface, giving it a ... The best flooring to put over concrete includes epoxy, linoleum, cork, laminate and vinyl. These materials resist water, mold and mildew. Most feel good to walk upon and come in di...Details of concrete polishing. The RACATAC is now available in our online store:https://concretefloorsolutions.com/store/accessories/racatac/If you are inte...Polishing concrete floors is a transformative process that elevates the aesthetics and durability of concrete surfaces. In this guide, we delve into the steps and tips for achieving a lustrous, long-lasting finish. Understanding Polished Concrete Floors Before diving into the polishing process, it's crucial to …Our most popular polishing system, the level 2 produces a low maintenance finish that won't chip or peel. On brand new hard troweled floors this floor produces ...Concrete polishing requires using a series of abrasives to smooth and refine the floor’s surface. It’s essential to have the right equipment to get professional-grade results: Multifunctional grinder: A …Polished concrete flooring is created by a process of grinding concrete flooring down to a smooth finish. This is done with progressively finer abrasives, starting with a coarse, before getting the final smooth finish with an extra fine diamond. The name might lead you to believe that a polished concrete floor is defined by its sheen and ... For existing floors, polishing enhances their appearance by grinding the concrete down to a smooth, high-gloss finish. Minor cracking and imperfections add to the character of the finished floor. Typically some surface preparation is required prior to polishing to remove dirt, grease, coatings, or blemishes. However, floors that are wavy, need ... THE CONCRETE POLISHING STEPS: 1. With most floors you will start with 16 - 50 grit metal bonded pads. These pads are very aggressive and will clean and even out the surface before the polishing begins. Move the machine forward and backwards in a straight line setting over the width of the grinder with each pass. 2. Wet the floor with a hose and apply concrete polish with a buffer. 3. Begin in one corner and work your way across the floor in overlapping strokes. 4. Rinse the floor with clean water and let it dry completely. 5. Apply a second coat of concrete polish and buff it on the floor. 6.May 18, 2017 · https://cretoseal.com/ How to polish a concrete floor using Creto DPS (Deep Penetrating Sealer) as a densifier. The lighting and film quality wasn't great bu... Wet the floor with a hose and apply concrete polish with a buffer. 3. Begin in one corner and work your way across the floor in overlapping strokes. 4. Rinse the floor with clean water and let it dry completely. 5. Apply a second coat of concrete polish and buff it on the floor. 6.The concrete polishing process begins with the application of a sealant to the concrete. This helps to protect the concrete from wear and tear. Once the sealant has been applied, a grinding compound is used to smooth out the surface of the concrete. Lastly, a final polish is applied to the concrete to give it a high-gloss finish.To apply, spray a little water to dampen the floor and then pour the grout on and “broom in” (the broom will clean out the dust in the pores). While the acrylic-based grout is still wet, grind ... THE CONCRETE POLISHING STEPS: 1. With most floors you will start with 16 - 50 grit metal bonded pads. These pads are very aggressive and will clean and even out the surface before the polishing begins. Move the machine forward and backwards in a straight line setting over the width of the grinder with each pass. 2. | Csopqyaxnbgd (article) | Mghheps.