Wolf and dog

3 Oct 2012 ... This result provides a rare example that violates the general rule of sexual asymmetry in mating between wolves and dogs and it is the first ...Breeds of wolf dogs vary from 16-50 pounds and include the Saarloos Wolfdog, the Mackenzie Valley Wolfdog, Slovakian Wolfdogs, Czechoslovakian Wolfdogs, Kunming Wolfdog, and Northern Inuits. Though controversial by nature, …In its strictest definition, a wolf dog should be 50% wolf and 50% domestic dog. The definition can get a little more challenging if you consider the wolf’s ancestry. For a wolf dog to earn such a classification, breeders must prove that the wolf used in the crossbreeding is a direct descendant of a 100% wolf within the immediate past 5 ... MYTH: A wolf hybrid will live longer than a dog. FACT: The life span of a wolf in captivity is 12-14 years – the same as a large domestic dog. MYTH: Hybrids are healthier than dogs, and are less prone to disease. FACT: Wolves and dogs are prone to the same infectious diseases. The wolf (Canis lupus L., 1758) belongs to the Canidae family, whose main morphological characteristics are a long dental row, a large number of teeth (42), a long tail, digitigrade limbs and four fingers in the hind limb.The wolf is considered to be the wild ancestor of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris L., 1758).The anatomical similarity between wild and …The wolf (Canis lupus L., 1758) belongs to the Canidae family, whose main morphological characteristics are a long dental row, a large number of teeth (42), a long tail, digitigrade limbs and four fingers in the hind limb.The wolf is considered to be the wild ancestor of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris L., 1758).The anatomical similarity between wild and …Discover our range of handmade leather dog collars in vibrant fabrics. Choose the size to fit your puppy, or browse our large breed styles for a stylish and ...A gaunt Wolf was almost dead with hunger when he happened to meet a House-dog who was passing by. “Ah, Cousin,” said the Dog. “I knew ... So the Wolf and the Dog went towards the town together. On the way there the Wolf noticed that the hair on a certain part of the Dog’s neck was very much worn away, so heThe Calupoh is a rare Mexican dog breed believed to be a cross between the maned wolf and the coyote. The dog breed was first developed in the early 20th century when a group of Mexican farmers decided to create a new type of hunting dog. They bred the maned wolf with the coyote, and the resulting offspring were dubbed the “Calupoh.”.91 pages : 19 cm. Wolf and Dog are cousins. Wolf is wild and Dog is tame. Wolf lives in a forest on top of a hill, while Dog lives in a house, keeping guard for his boss. Wolf and Dog have very different perspectives, but that doesn't stop them being friends. Junior, primary. Stories for children.Wolf-dog hybrids are animals that are part wolf (Canis lupus) and part domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris). This interbreeding is possible because domesticated dogs are descended from wolves, so ...Jul 4, 2016 · A WOLF there was whose scanty fare Had made his person lean and spare: A dog there was, so amply fed, His sides were plump and sleek, ’tis said; The wolf once met this prosp’rous cur, And thus began:—”Your servant, sir; I’m pleased to see you look so well, Though how it is, I cannot tell; I have not broke my fast to-day; Nor have I, I’m concerned to say, One bone in store or ... The variants include the pale wolf, woods wolf, ashen wolf, black wolf, chestnut wolf, rusty wolf, spotted wolf, striped wolf, and snowy wolf. You may tame a …Czechoslovakian Wolfdog pair. The Czechoslovakian Wolfdog (Czech: Československý vlčák, Slovak: Československý vlčiak, German: Tschechoslowakischer Wolfhund) is a breed of wolfdog that began as an experiment conducted in Czechoslovakia in 1955. The breed was known as Czech Wolfdog (Czech: Český vlčák, Slovak: Český vlčiak) until 1982.. …The Wolf would gladly have eaten him then and there, but the House Dog looked strong enough to leave his marks should he try it. So the Wolf spoke very humbly to the Dog, complimenting him on his fine appearance. "You can be as well-fed as I am if you want to," replied the Dog. "Leave the woods; there you live miserably.The gray wolf has very few predators. Since coyotes and wolves are territorial, other coyote or wolf packs may occasionally kill a young wolf. They also kill pups, which is why the...When her friend Cloé arrives from Canada, bringing with her the glowing days of youth, Ana embarks on a journey that will take her beyond the horizon. Filled with desire and freedom, the light of Wolf and Dog will reveal …2 Jun 2016 ... ... dog and wolf fossils as he can. Those sequences will show exactly how the ancient canines relate to each other and to modern pooches. They ...01 of 08. Wolf Dogs, Defined. Hillary Kladke/Getty Images. What, exactly, is a wolf dog, you ask? Like the name implies, a wolf dog is a hybrid of a wolf and a domesticated dog—Siberian Huskies, Malamutes, …Jan 4, 2024 · This one is one of the biggest of all big wolf dog breeds. They can grow to a staggering 55 – 120 pounds (25 – 54.5 kg) heavy and between 23 – 34 inches (58.4 – 86.3 cm) tall. 16. Saarloos Wolf Dog. This pooch is one of the newer members of the group, originating in either Germany or the Netherlands in the 1970s. “For the layperson wishing an enticing introduction to the study of wolves and dogs, this book’s several short, highlighted sections will be key. … While this book is readable by an intelligent wolf-dog enthusiast with a dictionary at hand, Wolves and Dogs: between Myth and Science is most approachable by the serious aca­demic. … 10 Jul 2020 ... It has also been found through research studies that dietary preferences of dogs and wolves are different. When given the choice, wolves have ... Based on claims that dogs are less aggressive and show more sophisticated socio-cognitive skills compared with wolves, dog domestication has been invoked to support the idea that humans underwent a similar ‘self-domestication’ process. Here, we review studies on wolf–dog differences and conclude that results do not support such claims: dogs do not show increased socio-cognitive skills ... Feb 9, 2023 · The wolf adult dental formula is the same as that of the dog, but the canines and “feral” or “carnassial“ teeth (PM4/M1) stand out in respect in comparison to those of the dog [ 16 Gray wolf, largest wild member of the dog family (Canidae). It inhabits vast areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The largest males stand roughly 76 cm (30 inches) tall at the shoulder and can weigh up to 65 kg (143 pounds). Wolves were domesticated several thousand years ago, and selective breeding produced dogs.Low content wolf hybrids contain 1-49% wolf, mid content contains 50-74% wolf, and high content contains 75% or more wolf parentage. Knowing your wolf hybrid’s content level will be key in determining whether or not that dog will have the right temperament to fit your specific household needs and lifestyle.Saarloos wolf dogs require an enormous amount of exercise, three to four hours each day. Saarloos wolf dogs will require 8ft tall fence that is escape-proof and equipped with lean-ins and anti-digging wire to prevent them from digging under and running away. One half to a full acre is required for two wolfdogs where they can roam freely.3. Basenji. This “barkless” dog may sound more like a coyote than a wolf with its clear yodel, but it still harks back to its wolf ancestors. Although small, this African pooch has the agility ...Jul 4, 2016 · A WOLF there was whose scanty fare Had made his person lean and spare: A dog there was, so amply fed, His sides were plump and sleek, ’tis said; The wolf once met this prosp’rous cur, And thus began:—”Your servant, sir; I’m pleased to see you look so well, Though how it is, I cannot tell; I have not broke my fast to-day; Nor have I, I’m concerned to say, One bone in store or ... Husky Wolf Mix Size and Weight. On average, the Husky Wolves may stand anywhere between 20 and 33 inches and may weigh from around 75 to 155 pounds. Husky Wolves reach their maximum size … The wolf ( Canis lupus; [b] pl.: wolves ), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America. More than thirty subspecies of Canis lupus have been recognized, including the dog and dingo, though gray wolves, as popularly understood, only comprise naturally-occurring wild subspecies. Jun 29, 2022 · To test whether any post-23 ka or modern wolf genome available might be a good proxy for the western Eurasian wolf-related ancestry identified in Near Eastern and African dogs, we added the 9,500 ... A wolf pup, inside a pen, observing a borzoi outside at the Zoo Académie. The critical exploratory phase for wolves is thought to start at about two weeks, when wolf pups are still deaf and blind ...Dog owners in wolf territories can reduce the opportunity for wolf depredation by keeping pets inside or in an enclosed kennel when wolves are known to be in the area. Value of Domestic Animals The market value of domestic animals varies greatly by breed, age, condition, region of the country, and market fluctuations. ...American Alsatian History: The Dire Wolf Project. During the rise of interest in wolfdogs in 1987, Lois Denny (now Lois Schwarz) wanted a wolf-looking canine without the wolf blood since the hybrids proved to be difficult pets. Schwarz specifically chose the dire wolf to create a wolf-like companion dog, hence the name of the project.The ancestor of the domestic dog is the gray wolf (Canis lupus).Extant gray wolves are divided into three groups: the North American, Eurasian, and domestic dog groups 1.Recent phylogenomic ...If you love wolves, you might like these 15 dog breeds that resemble them Alaskan Malamute The Alaskan Malamute is an old sled […] The post 15 Dogs Perfect For Wolf …Video summary. A new study offers the first genetic evidence of hybridisation 1 between wolves and feral dogs in the Indian savannahs, raising questions over the future of wild wolf packs. The ...All dogs are believed to have come from wolves, although the jury is out when it comes to how, when, and where exactly that happened. But even though this …4 Jul 2022 ... Perhaps the song that is most "me". Wolf and Dog talks about the artist and home person in me. During covid my dog got big and lazy while ...If you love wolves, you might like these 15 dog breeds that resemble them Alaskan Malamute The Alaskan Malamute is an old sled […] The post 15 Dogs Perfect For Wolf …Wolfdog Facts. Many wolf hybrids will have medium-length fur with a medium to thick coat. The fur will range from a variety of colors to include black, gray, tan, brown, and white. Their coat color is not set in until after 1 year of age. Eye color will range from golden to brown. Ears will generally not flop. A Wolf prowling near a village one evening met a Dog. It happened to be a very lean and bony Dog, and Master Wolf would have turned up his nose at such meager fare had he not been more hungry than usual. So he began to edge toward the Dog, while the Dog backed away. "Let me remind your lordship," said the Dog, his words interrupted now and then ... A wolf-dog that has mostly dog characteristics is likely to make a fine pet for the right owner. While a hybrid that has a lot of wolf traits may be a challenge for even the most experienced dog owner. Wild canids are built to travel great distances in search of food. Wolf-dogs retain these same instincts, which can often lead to problems in a ...Wolves are carnivorous mammals that belong to the dog family. They are the largest members of this family and can weigh up to 175 pounds when fully grown. Gray wolves are mottled g...7 Mar 2019 ... Due to their convergent evolution, dogs have been suggested as a good model for the evolution of human social skills, such as tolerance and ...This rare dog breed is defined as any canine with both wolf and domestic dog in its recent genetic ancestry. Wolf dog breeds can come from a variety of parent combinations: a pure wolf and a pure domestic dog, a wolf dog and a pure wolf, a wolf dog and a pure dog, or two wolf dogs. These animals are beautiful, smart, and full of love—but ...A Husky wolf mix’s temperament can be a bit unpredictable. If there is a high percentage of wolf in the mix, meaning one parent was a wolf and the other was a husky, it is likely that the husky wolf will be more wolf-like in nature than dog-like. This can mean the wolf-dog will be more likely to be territorial or aggressive.The study, a comparison of 44 dog and 37 wolf puppies who were between 5 and 18 weeks old, supports the idea that domestication changed not just how dogs look, but their minds as well. At the Wildlife Science Center in Minnesota, wolf puppies were first genetically tested to make sure they were not wolf – dog hybrids. The wolf puppies were ...Wolves and dogs are scientifically defined as separate species, namely canis lupus for wolves and canis familiaris for dogs, although they are both canids. They differ in terms of their physical appearance, body structure, as well as their history. Wolves have a flat top skull that houses more cheek muscles to give them a bite force as strong as 1,500 PSI, whereas a …Beautifully lensed by Rui Xavier, Wolf and Dog feels like an observational narrative which eventually transcends a sense of neorealism for something more ...Visiting a wolf conservation or sanctuary is a truly humbling and fascinating learning experience. The folks here at BARK Post had the pleasure of visiting the Wolf Conservation Center (WCC) in South Salem, NY to say hi to a few wolf pups, and learn some awesome stuff about wolves, dogs, and how they collide.. The WCC hosts packs …This rare dog breed is defined as any canine with both wolf and domestic dog in its recent genetic ancestry. Wolf dog breeds can come from a variety of parent combinations: a pure wolf and a pure domestic dog, a wolf dog and a pure wolf, a wolf dog and a pure dog, or two wolf dogs. These animals are beautiful, smart, and full of love—but ...Wolves are carnivorous mammals that belong to the dog family. They are the largest members of this family and can weigh up to 175 pounds when fully grown. Gray wolves are mottled g...Jun 30, 2022 · Today’s modern dogs may have descended from two separate populations of ancient wolves: one in eastern Asia and another in the Middle East, according to a new paper published this week in Nature ... Following are more than 125 options to consider. There’s always the obvious choice like “Beowulf,” “Beast,” “Aspen” (perfect if the dog is a husky!), “Fang,” “Lobo,” or what might be the most obvious wolf name “Wolf” (or “Wolfy”). But have you thought of actually giving it a contradicting name just to break the ...In contrast to humans and dogs, the skin microbiota of wolves is yet to be described. Here, we investigated the skin microbiota of dogs and wolves kept in outdoor packs at the Wolf Science Center ...Black Wolf Dog Color Genetics. The solid black coat of the black wolf dog is due to its inherited dominant black gene called eumelanin.. This dominant black gene is responsible for producing black pigment over the entire body of the wolf dog and is expressed in the K locus of the dog’s genes.. And because this is a dominant color gene, …Wolf-dog hybrids are interesting and intelligent animals. They are produced by breeding a wolf with any of a variety of domestic dogs, including Akitas, German shepherds, Alaskan Malamutes, and huskies. The blend of wild and domestic genes in wolf-dog hybrids, however, gives rise to a complicated mosaic of disposition and instinct. ... A wolf dog is a combination of wolf and dog. A Wolfdog, also known as a ‘wolf hybrid’, is simply a dog that has wolf in its family history. While it is widely understood that all dog breeds have descended from the wolf, a Wolfdog has pure wolf recently in its background, such as a parent or great grandparent (Whereas your family dog may ... A wolf dog is a combination of wolf and dog. A Wolfdog, also known as a ‘wolf hybrid’, is simply a dog that has wolf in its family history. While it is widely understood that all dog breeds have descended from the wolf, a Wolfdog has pure wolf recently in its background, such as a parent or great grandparent (Whereas your family dog may ... Wolf Dog: Directed by Sam Newfield. With Jim Davis, Allison Hayes, Tony Brown, Austin Willis. Just paroled from a prison term for manslaughter, ...We would relax more. We would love people unconditionally. Edit Your Post Published by jthreeNMe on October 12, 2022 If people had hearts like dogs...We would be better humans.We w...Dogs and wolves are actually the same species. Their physical appearance is similar but their instincts, disposition and temperament are widely different. The gray wolf, or simply the wolf is the largest …Between 20,000 and 40,000 years ago, the dog and the wolf split from a common ancestor. At this point in time, they started to evolve separately. This means that not only is the dog different from this ancient ancestor, so is the modern day wolf. How Dogs Evolved. We also then need to think about how the dog evolved.Battlefield 5 - Walkthrough - Part 7 - Nordlys: Wolf and Dog (PC HD) [1080p60FPS]Playlist - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLpBVLiNEBD_U1u-7FNPbdPLRQL...Wolf ancestry on the vertical axis is the combined western + eastern wolf ancestry proportion estimated when dogs were included in the STRUCTURE analysis, thus eliminating the latrans and familiaris components. The lower and upper boundaries of each box correspond to the first and third quartiles, respectively; black line is the median, black ...The 50,000-year-old mummy could shed light on the evolution of wolves. We don’t normally think of mummies as particularly cuddly. But researchers say that a newly unveiled mummifie...The study’s analysis included DNA from this well-preserved 32,000-year-old wolf head excavated from a Siberian site called Yakutia. Love Dalén. Comparing the ancient wolf genomes with those from modern and ancient dogs, the researchers found that dogs are much more closely related to ancient wolves from eastern Asia than those …A wolfdog is a canine animal with a mixture of wolf and dog ancestry. They can be very unique-looking animals, and their dog-like appearance makes them seem easy to keep. …The wolf (Canis lupus; pl.: wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America.More than thirty subspecies of Canis lupus have been recognized, including the dog and dingo, though gray wolves, as popularly understood, only comprise naturally-occurring wild subspecies.The wolf is the largest extant member of the …On the back of several instances of deaths due to attacks by ferocious dogs, the Centre has sought a ban on import, breeding, and sale of several "ferocious" breeds …A Wolf prowling near a village one evening met a Dog. It happened to be a very lean and bony Dog, and Master Wolf would have turned up his nose at such meager fare had he not been more hungry than usual. So he began to edge toward the Dog, while the Dog backed away. “Let me remind your lordship,” said the Dog, his words … Thanks. You are reading The Time Between Dog and Wolf manga, one of the most popular manga covering in Webtoons, Yaoi genres, written by Joy, Lee Solwoo at ManhuaScan, a top manga site to offering for read manga online free. The Time Between Dog and Wolf has 20 translated chapters and translations of other chapters are in progress. Michigan: Wolf dogs that were owned prior to the implementation of the regulations in 2000 can be “grandfathered in.” Otherwise, they are illegal to own. Missouri: In Missouri, it is permissible to own wolf dog hybrids, but regulations exist for obtaining permits and ensuring proper caging requirements are met.Wolf-dog hybrids require a secure space to run and exercise with a 7- or 8-foot fence at minimum — they are consummate escape artists. They can be terribly tricky to housebreak. Also, a wolf-dog ... Evolution of the Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)Some anthropologists believe that humans were feeding wolves as far back as 50,000 years ago. However, most evidence suggests domestication began between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, prior to the advent of agriculture. Dogs and wolves are actually the same species. Their physical appearance is similar but their instincts, disposition and temperament are widely different. The gray wolf, or simply the wolf is the largest …Dog’s eye color ranges from blue to brown while wolf’s eye color comes in shades of yellow or amber. The dog has multiple coat colors while the wolf’s coat color is black, brown, gray, or white. Dog barks while wolf howls. The dog has smaller teeth while a wolf has larger teeth. The dog has a smaller brain while a wolf has a larger brain.How did wolves become dogs? Time, food and selective breeding is the likely answer · Humans collected young pups from dens, raised them, found them useful, and ...Dec 8, 2022 · Wolf and Dog: Directed by Cláudia Varejão. With Ana Cabral, Ruben Pimenta, Cristiana Branquinho, Marlene Cordeiro. Ana was born in São Miguel, an island ruled by religion and traditions. The modern dog is descended from the wolf (Canis lupus) and is classified as a wolf subspecies, C. lupus familiaris. C. lupus also includes more than 30 other subspecies found in different parts of the world, some of which are now extinct. The subspecies vary greatly in size and colour, with the largest (averaging 95 to 100 pounds [43 to 45 kilograms]) found …Battlefield 5 - Walkthrough - Part 7 - Nordlys: Wolf and Dog (PC HD) [1080p60FPS]Playlist - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLpBVLiNEBD_U1u-7FNPbdPLRQL...The ancestor of the domestic dog is the gray wolf (Canis lupus).Extant gray wolves are divided into three groups: the North American, Eurasian, and domestic dog groups 1.Recent phylogenomic ...The wolf (Canis lupus; pl.: wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America.More than thirty subspecies of Canis lupus have been recognized, including the dog and dingo, though gray wolves, as popularly understood, only comprise naturally-occurring wild subspecies.The wolf is the largest extant member of the …6) Dogs not only have smaller teeth, but their bite forces are weaker. Wolves have phenomenal jaw strength that according to Barry Lopez in Of Wolves and Men has a "crushing pressure of about 1,500 (lbs/square inch) which is a whole lot if compared to the average 740 (lbs/square inch) crushing pressure of a German Shepherd.. 7) Dogs tend to … A visit to the zoo. Some excitement for the wolves, notably for Whitey (b.2009) who has to protect the "pack" in his newly acquired dominant ("alpha") role. ... Wolf pups enjoyed snack time at Wolf Park, a zoo and research facility in Battle Ground, Ind. Scientists agree that gray wolves are ancestors of dogs, but there … A hybrid of domestic dog and pampas fox. Crossings between canids of a different genus is extremely rare. In 2021, a female canid with unusual phenotypic characteristics was found in Vacaria City, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. DNA analysis indicates that the canid was a hybrid between a pampas fox and a domestic dog. [26] The keeping of aggressive dog breeds such as Pitbull, Rottweiler, Terrier, Wolf Dog, and Mastiff, along with crossbred and mixed breeds, is prohibited due to their …2.03M subscribers. Subscribed. 3.3M views 5 years ago. An extremely friendly timber wolf plays with a Malinois dog in the forests of Lithuania. What an …This is an "uncontrolled" introduction to Lorne (the wolf) and Baladi (feral dog) to a new dog (Buttermilk). This is the first time Buttermilk has met them b...Gray wolf, largest wild member of the dog family (Canidae). It inhabits vast areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The largest males stand roughly 76 cm (30 inches) tall at the shoulder and can weigh up to 65 kg (143 pounds). Wolves were domesticated several thousand years ago, and selective breeding produced dogs.Dog owners are reminded to exercise caution in wolf-occupied areas, especially those using their dogs to hunt. Conflicts between hunting dogs and wolves are most common during the bear training and hunting season. Dogs have also been depredated pursuing other wildlife including foxes, coyotes, bobcats, rabbits, snowshoe hares and upland birds.We promise this quiz won't be too "ruff!" See how much you know about man's fluffy, cuddly best friend. Can you identify the dog breeds in this quiz that we've fetched for you? Adv...How did wolves become dogs? Time, food and selective breeding is the likely answer · Humans collected young pups from dens, raised them, found them useful, and ...If Germonpré is right, then dog domestication may have begun quite early and under circumstances that were not favorable for the dogs. Not every scientist agrees that Germonpré's dogs are dogs, however. Some prefer the wolf-dog designation or simply “wolf” because their taxonomic status is not clear either … See morePeople love their dogs. If you ever question this, walk into a crowded room and say you hate dogs. The reaction will be a shocked convalescence of questions tha People love their d...What to know about keeping your dog safe in cold, winter weather. Winter may not be everyone’s favorite season, but it does produce some of the best (or at least cutest) content on...Wolf and dog - friendly encounter. WiseWolf. 53.2K subscribers. Subscribed. 19M views 8 years ago. A visit to the zoo. Some excitement for the wolves, notably for Whitey …According to the University of Edinburgh, the smallest canid is the Fennec fox. It is only 9.4 inches (24 centimeters) high and weighs only 2.2 lbs. (1 kilogram). The largest canid is the gray ...2:10 Vancouver Island Wolf-dog WD40 attacks another dog. There is growing frustration on Vancouver Island, where a wolf-dog has been evading capture for …As a result of these selective pressures dogs have evolved different pack mentalities than wolves. Whereas wolves have a pair-bonded family unit that collaborates in hunting and rearing babies, dogs are less inclined to stay with one mate, are less active in raising their young, and are more dependent on human-provided resources. Overall, dogs ...A commercial assay that targets mitochondrial DNA can accurately discriminate among wolf, coyote, and dog species, according to a new study. Forensics specialists could get the genetic information ...4 Jul 2022 ... Perhaps the song that is most "me". Wolf and Dog talks about the artist and home person in me. During covid my dog got big and lazy while ...Saarloos wolf dogs require an enormous amount of exercise, three to four hours each day. Saarloos wolf dogs will require 8ft tall fence that is escape-proof and equipped with lean-ins and anti-digging wire to prevent them from digging under and running away. One half to a full acre is required for two wolfdogs where they can roam freely.The wolf adult dental formula is the same as that of the dog, but the canines and “feral” or “carnassial“ teeth (PM4/M1) stand out in respect in comparison to those of the dog [ 164 Jul 2022 ... Perhaps the song that is most "me". Wolf and Dog talks about the artist and home person in me. During covid my dog got big and lazy while ...PDF | A morphological study of the skeletal specimen of Canis lupus L. from an archeological dig of Agnano (Pisa) (Fauna Laboratory, Department of... | Find, read … | Cbloyhqgxkrkn (article) | Mptkxbd.